Un nuevo estudio explica el fascinante proceso por el que el cerebro prepara las señales antes incluso de que nos movamos
Imagínate, por ejemplo, que estás en lo alto de un trampolín e intentas reunir la fuerza de voluntad para saltar. Nada en el mundo exterior te dice cuándo saltar; esa decisión viene de dentro. En algún momento experimentas la decisión de saltar y entonces saltas. En segundo plano, el cerebro (o, más concretamente, la corteza motora) envía señales eléctricas que provocan contracciones musculares cuidadosamente coordinadas en todo el cuerpo, lo que hace que corras y saltes. Pero, ¿en qué parte del cerebro se originan estas señales y cómo se relacionan con la experiencia consciente de querer mover el cuerpo?
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Un nuevo estudio, publicado en Nature Communications esta semana, dirigido por Jake Gavenas del Instituto del Cerebro de la Universidad Chapman, y con la coautoría de Uri Maoz y Aaron Schurger, examina cómo el cerebro inicia acciones espontáneas.
Además de demostrar cómo surge la acción espontánea sin intervención del entorno, este estudio tiene implicaciones para los orígenes de la lenta ramificación de la actividad neuronal antes del inicio del movimiento, un fenómeno comúnmente observado pero poco conocido.
Las neuronas se anticipan al movimiento
En su estudio, Gavenas y sus colegas proponen una respuesta a esa pregunta. Simularon actividad espontánea en redes neuronales sencillas y compararon esta actividad simulada con grabaciones intracorticales (con electrodos en el cerebro) de humanos cuando se movían espontáneamente.
La idea de que existe información preconsciente en el cerebro segundos antes del inicio de la acción ha sido cuestionada por neurocientíficos como Maoz y Schurger. En concreto, en 2012 Schurger sugirió que la lenta actividad cerebral en rampa forma parte de un proceso más amplio, en el que las lentas fluctuaciones de fondo en la actividad del córtex motor deben alcanzar un determinado umbral para iniciar el movimiento. Los resultados del nuevo estudio sugieren algo sorprendente: muchas neuronas de fluctuación rápida pueden interactuar en una red para dar lugar a fluctuaciones muy lentas en conjunto.
Si esas fluctuaciones lentas ayudan a determinar el momento en que se cruza el umbral, entonces mirar hacia atrás desde el inicio del movimiento garantiza que se observará una rampa lenta de antemano, incluso si la rampa no es el resultado de una decisión preconsciente temprana de moverse. Desde este punto de vista, el acontecimiento importante no es el inicio del proceso de rampa lenta, sino el cruce del umbral. Aunque convincente, esta explicación deja una pregunta clave sin respuesta: ¿de dónde proceden estas lentas fluctuaciones de fondo en la actividad neuronal, conocidas comúnmente como ruido 1/f, dado que la actividad de las neuronas individuales fluctúa con bastante rapidez?
El estudio de Gavenas es el primero que explica cómo esas lentas fluctuaciones de fondo surgen de redes de neuronas, en las que ninguna de las neuronas individuales opera por sí sola en una escala temporal tan larga. A su vez, estas fluctuaciones lentas pueden contribuir al cruce del umbral, que se cree que desencadena el movimiento, y a la lenta rampa que se observa antes y después del inicio de la acción espontánea. Según Gavenas, «observamos señales similares de rampa lenta antes de otros tipos de comportamientos espontáneos, como tener ideas creativas o recordar libremente cosas que te han ocurrido. Por tanto, un proceso similar podría subyacer a esos fenómenos, pero sólo el tiempo y nuevas investigaciones lo dirán».
En resumen, se trata de un estudio histórico porque ofrece una posible explicación del origen de las fluctuaciones lentas y espontáneas de la actividad neuronal a nivel de población, que es un fenómeno omnipresente en los sistemas neuronales. Además, según Maoz, «revela el sesgo que tenemos como investigadores al pensar que nuestros resultados descubren un mecanismo causal, cuando en realidad puede tratarse sólo de una correlación.»
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